Users should be able to view and edit a year, and if a user enters just two digits, the application should transform it to a year between 2000 and 2100. Otherwise, the whole entered number should be accepted as a year. Datatype interface defines methods for converting values to and from strings (formatting and parsing). Each entity attribute, if it is not a reference, has a corresponding Datatype, which is used by the framework to format and parse the attribute value. The usage of JPA cascade and orphanRemoval annotation attributes is not recommended.

2.6. Infrastructure Interfaces

Instead of completely replacing the old networking stack that used the library OkHttp, we have integrated Cronet UNDER the OkHttp API framework. By integrating in this way, we avoided changes to our network calls (which use Retrofit) at the API level. In order to successfully embed QUIC and improve application performance in poor connectivity, we have replaced the old stack (HTTP/2 over TLS/TCP) with the QUIC protocol. We used the network library Cronet of Chromium Projects, which contains the original, Google version of the protocol – gQUIC. This implementation is also constantly being improved to follow the latest IETF specification. First of all, we tried to deploy TPC PoPs (Points of Presence) to terminate TCP connections closer to users.

• When you execute the same query with the same parameters the second time, the platform finds the query in the query cache and loads entity instances from the entity cache by identifiers.
• In the service, you can check permissions using the Security interface and return data to the client in the form of persistent or non-persistent entities or arbitrary values.
• Using this annotation for a specific entity class is required only in case of inheritance from the BaseStringIdEntity base class (i.e. creating an entity with a string primary key).
• The annotation value should be a string or an array of strings containing bean names of the listeners.
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• Уou can set predefined styles to the DataGrid component using the stylename attribute in the XML descriptor.
• The listener can be used to enforce complex business rules involving multiple entities.
• The retrieved instance of EntityManager is bound to the current transaction, i.e. all calls to getEntityManager() as part of one transaction return one and the same instance of EntityManager.

In this mode, the changes to related instances are only stored when the master entity is committed. Defines the list of listeners intended for reaction to the entity instance lifecycle events on the middle tier. An attribute corresponds to a field and a pair of access methods (get / set) of the field. The middle tier contains core business logic of the application and provides access to the database.

• The methods of Query mainly correspond to the methods of the standard JPA javax.persistence.Query interface.
• It is an input field, inside which there is a button with a drop-down calendar.
• Its handle() method should process the exception and return true, or immediately return false if this handler is not able to handle the passed exception.
• The recommended way of passing parameters to an opened screen is to use public setters of the screen controller, as demonstrated in the example above.
• The ScreenBuilders bean allows you to open all kinds of screens with various parameters.
• The working group is currently IETF standardizes QUIC as HTTP / 3.
• This chain can contain classes which are inaccessible for the client tier (for example, JDBC driver exceptions).
• If at the moment of creation there was another transaction, it will be suspended and resumed after the completion of the newly created one.
• Any CUBA application can be easily turned into a component and provide some functionality to another application.

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As soon as the balancer completes QUIC, our infrastructure explicitly sends this action over HTTP2/TCP to our data centers. Uber is a global scale, namely 600 cities of presence, in each of which the application fully relies on wireless Internet from more than 4500 mobile operators. Users expect the app to be not just fast, but real-time – to deliver this, the Uber app needs low latency and a very reliable connection. Alas, but the stack HTTP / 2 does not perform well in dynamic and lossy wireless networks.

1.1. Application Tiers and Blocks

JPQL query text can include macros, which are processed before the query is executed. They are converted into the executable JPQL and can additionally modify the set of query parameters. The methods of Query mainly correspond to the methods of the standard JPA javax.persistence.Query interface. An instance loaded from the database, or a new one passed to EntityManager.persist(). Belongs to a EntityManager instance, i.e. is contained in its persistence context. You can force EntityManager to load partial entities if you set the loadPartialEntities attribute of the view to true (for example, DataManager does this).

The entities persisted and merged implicitly using such declaration will bypass some system mechanisms. In particular, the EntityStates bean does not detect the managed state correctly and entity listeners are not invoked at all. The orphanRemoval annotation attribute does not respect the soft deletion mechanism. Makes the platform to ignore the user’s time zone (if it is set for the current session) for an attribute of the timestamp type (annotated with @javax.persistence.Temporal.TIMESTAMP). The annotated method will be invoked right after the entity instance is created by the Metadata.create() method or similar DataManager.create() and DataContext.create() methods. Defines how to create a string which represents a single instance of the entity.

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Entity meta-annotations are a set of key/value pairs providing additional information about entities. Studio allows you to set format strings for languages used in your application. Edit Project Properties, click the button in the Available locales field, then click Show data format strings. Parsing formats ignoring locale are hardcoded or specified in the metadata.xml file when registering the datatype. Meta-classes are grouped by the root name of Java project package specified in metadata.xml file. @OnDeleteInverse annotation is processed when the entity which it points to is deleted (which is similar to cascade deletion at foreign key level in the database).

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To support arbitrary types, use TypeStringify and TypeFactory classes to convert the value to/from a string and specify these classes for the property with @Stringify and @Factory annotations. Config interfaces must be defined inside of the root package of the application (or in inner packages of the root package). It can be used to set or override application properties specific to a particular deployment environment. The interface is used to obtain UUID values, including those used for entity identifiers. Using UUID.randomUUID() in the application code is not recommended. It has only one method publish() that receives an event object.

4.2. Data Stores

With the help of the service, you can improve the visibility of the site on requests by increasing the natural link mass from forums, blogs, question-answer services. All links are covered by a guarantee against deletion, the entire promotion process can be controlled in a simple and convenient personal account. You can test the system for free with a promo code PROHOSTER (199 rubles). On the backend side, QUIC completion is provided by the Google Cloud Load balancing infrastructure, which uses alt-svc headers in responses to support QUIC. In general, the balancer adds the alt-svc header to each HTTP request and it already validates QUIC support for the domain. When a Cronet client receives an HTTP response with this header, it uses QUIC for subsequent HTTP requests to that domain.

3.3. Database Migration Scripts

Essentially, PoPs terminate the TCP connection to the mobile device closer to the cellular network and proxy the traffic back to the original infrastructure. By terminating TCP closer, we can potentially reduce the best mobile proxies RTT and ensure that TCP is more responsive to dynamic wireless environments. However, our experiments have shown that most of the RTT and loss comes from cellular networks and using PoPs does not provide a significant performance improvement.

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However, if the loaded entity is cached, this view attribute is ignored and the entity will still be loaded with all local attributes. Object-Relational Mapping is a technology for linking relational database tables to programming language objects. CUBA uses the ORM implementation based on the EclipseLink framework.

2.11. User Authentication

When using a composite constraint, the resulting set of constraint violations will contain separate entries for each enclosed constraint. If you want to return a single violation, annotate the annotation class with @ReportAsSingleViolation. This section describes various aspects of working with exceptions in CUBA applications.

Nested screen fragments (if any) have sent their InitEvent and AfterInitEvent. In this event listener, you can create visual and data components and perform additional initialization if it depends on initialized nested fragments. EntityChangedEvent does not contain the changed entity instance but only its id. Also, the getOldValue(attributeName) method returns ids of references instead of objects.

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An application component can expose properties by defining them in its app-component.xml file. Then if an application which uses the component does not define its own value for the property, the value will be obtained from the component. If there are several components on the same level of the hierarchy, the value is unpredictable.

• Keep in mind, that you cannot re-create the SQL Server database from Studio or by executing createDb in the command line, because non-default schema requires association with a user.
• If you perform some custom programmatic validation in a service, use CustomValidationException to inform clients about validation errors in the same format as the standard bean validation does.
• OnBeforeInsert() method is called before a record is inserted into the database.
• The logic to save these changes in the database should be added separately.
• Transaction timeout effectively limits the maximum duration of a database request.
• Each standard application block should have its own main message pack.
• You can adjust the notification type using the cuba.gui.useSaveConfirmation application property.
• AuthenticationProviders can use Ordered interface and implement getOrder() method.

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They are called by services, other beans or via the optional JMX interface. Services are Spring beans that form the application boundary and provide the interface to the client tier. Services may contain the business logic themselves or delegate the execution to managed beans. The search for database init and update scripts prioritizes the type-version directory over the type directory. This means that the scripts in the type-version directory replace the scripts with the same name in the type directory. The type-version directory can also contain some scripts with unique names; they will be added to the common set of scripts for execution, too.

Constraint groups enable applying only a subset of all defined constraints depending on the application logic. For example, you may want to force a user to enter a value for an entity attribute, but at the same time to have an ability to set this attribute to null by some internal mechanism. In order to do it, you should specify the groups attribute on the constraint annotation. Then the constraint will take effect only when the same group is passed to the validation mechanism. You can define constraints using annotations of the javax.validation.constraints package or custom annotations. The annotations can be set on an entity or POJO class declaration, field or getter, and on a middleware service method.

The Screens interface allows you to create and show screens of any type. A screen can be opened from the main menu, by navigating to a URL, by a standard action (when working with browse and edit entity screens), or programmatically from another screen. In this section, we explain how to open screens programmatically. The second case uses the Authentication bean implicitly, via the AuthenticationInterceptor object, which intercepts calls of all bean methods with the @Authenticated annotation. A listener is a Spring bean implementing one or both BeforeCommitTransactionListener and AfterCompleteTransactionListener interfaces.

Solid lines demonstrate mandatory dependencies, dashed lines mean optional ones. All of the Java-based client blocks interact with the middle tier uniformly via HTTP protocol which enables deploying the middle tier arbitrarily, behind a firewall as well. In the simplest case, when the middle tier and the web client are deployed on the same server, local interaction between them can bypass the network stack for better performance.

Scripting interface is used to compile and load Java and Groovy classes dynamically (i.e. at runtime) as well as to execute Groovy scripts and expressions. Messages interface provides methods to get localized message strings. Please note that UiEvent instances are not sent to Spring beans.

CUBA-style approach to solving these problems is to detach the value stored in the database from ordinal value of the enumeration. The framework enables splitting the application functionality into components. Each application component (AKA add-on) can have its own data model, business logic and user interface. The application uses the component as a library and includes its functionality. BulkEditor is a component that enables changing attribute values for several entity instances at once. The component is a button, usually added to a table or a tree, which opens the entity bulk editor on click.